PROCESS SCHEDULING IN OS

PROCESS SCHEDULING:

DEFINITION:

The process scheduling is the activity of the process manager that handles the removal of the running process from the CPU and the selection of another process on the basis of a particular strategy.

Process scheduling is an essential part of a Multiprogramming operating system. Such operating systems allow more than one process to be loaded into the executable memory at a time and loaded process shares the CPU using time multiplexing.

SCHEDULING QUEUES:

Scheduling queues refers to queues of processes or devices.

Three types of queues are available:

1.job queue.

2. ready queue.

3.device queue.

JOB QUEUE:

A process which enters the system is placed in job queue. This queue consists of all processes in the system.

READY QUEUE:

Process residing in main memory and are ready and waiting to execute are kept in this queue.

DEVICE QUEUE:

The list of processes waiting for a particular I/O device is placed in device queue.Each device has its own device queue.

This figure shows the queuing diagram of process scheduling.

·         Queue is represented by rectangular box.

·         The circles represent the resources that serve the queues.

·         The arrows indicate the process flow in the system.

TWO PROCESS STATE MODEL:

Two state process model refers to running and non-running states.

Running

When new process is created by Operating System that process enters into the system as in the running state.

Not Running

Processes that are not running are kept in queue, waiting for their turn to execute. Each entry in the queue is a pointer to a particular process. Queue is implemented by using linked list. Use of dispatcher is as follows. When a process is interrupted, that process is transferred in the waiting queue. If the process has completed or aborted, the process is discarded. In either case, the dispatcher then selects a process from the queue to execute.

SCHEDULERS:

Schedulers are special system softwares which handles process scheduling in various ways.Their main task is to select the jobs to be submitted into the system and to decide which process to run.

 Schedulers are of three types

·         long term scheduler

·         short term scheduler

·          long term scheduler.

·         Long Term Scheduler:

1.      It is also called job scheduler.

2.      Long term scheduler determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing.

3.      Job scheduler selects processes from the queue and loads them into memory for execution.

4.      Process loads into the memory for CPU scheduling.

5.      It also controls the degree of multiprogramming. If the degree of multiprogramming is stable, then the average rate of process creation must be equal to the average departure rate of processes leaving the system.

6.      On some systems, the long term scheduler may not be available or minimal. Time-sharing operating systems have no long term scheduler. When process changes the state from new to ready, then there is use of long term scheduler.

 ·         Short Term Scheduler:

1.      It is also called CPU scheduler.

2.      Main objective is increasing system performance .

3.      .        It is the change of ready state to running state of the process. C

4.      CPU scheduler selects process among the processes that are ready to execute and allocates CPU to one of them.

5.      Short term scheduler also known as dispatcher, execute most frequently and makes the fine grained decision of which process to execute next.

6.      Short term scheduler is faster than long term scheduler.

 ·         Medium Term Scheduler

1.      Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping.

2.      It removes the processes from the memory.

3.      t reduces the degree of multiprogramming.

4.      The medium term scheduler is in-charge of handling the swapped out-processes.

5.      Running process may become suspended if it makes an I/O request.

6.      Suspended processes cannot make any progress towards completion.

7.      In this condition, to remove the process from memory and make space for other process, the suspended process is moved to the secondary storage. This process is called swapping, and the process is said to be swapped out or rolled out. Swapping may be necessary to improve the process mix.

 CONTEXT SWITCH:

A context switch is the mechanism to store and restore the state of a CPU in Process Control block so that a process execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.

Using this technique a context switcher enables multiple processes to share a single CPU.

Context switching is an essential part of a multitasking operating system features.

When the scheduler switches the CPU from executing one process to execute another, the context switcher saves the content of all processor registers for the process being removed from the CPU, in its process descriptor.

The context of a process is represented in the process control block of a process.

Context switching can significantly affect performance as modern computers have a lot of general and status registers to be saved.

Content switching times are highly dependent on hardware support..

Some hardware systems employ two or more sets of processor registers to reduce the amount of context switching time. When the process is switched, the following information is stored.

·         Program Counter

·         Scheduling Information

·         Base and limit register value

·         Currently used register

·         Changed State

·         I/O State

·         Accounting